EP Alzheimer’s Disease Test Kit
30 vials, including flat tray storage box - 10 x 50mm vial size

Contents:

Microglia
Unique brain macrophage-like cells, and one type of glial cell, responsible for “elimination of microbes, dead cells, redundant synapses, protein aggregates” and other particulates that may endanger the CNS

CD33 gene
Gene that encodes for microglia and its ‘on-off’ switch

TREM2 gene
In the brain, TREM2 gene (triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-2) is exclusively expressed by microglia. TREM2 are cell surface transmembrane glycoproteins. Research suggests that TREM2 glycoproteins modulate inflammatory signaling helping to regulate microglia.

Oligodendrocyte

A glial cell that creates myelin sheath, provides support to axons of neurons in the brain and CNS

Astrocyte

A star shaped glial cell. Astrocytes are the most numerous cell type within the central nervous system (CNS) and perform a variety of tasks, from axon guidance and synaptic support, to the control of the blood brain barrier and blood flow.

Ependymocyte

Ciliated-epithelial glial cell.  play a critical role in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) homeostasis, brain metabolism, and the clearance of waste from the brain.

Amyloid Beta peptide / Aβ

Amyloid beta peptide is generated from the sequential cleavage of amyloid A4 protein precursor  (APP). Amyloid Beta protein is the main component of amyloid plaques in the brains of those with AD.

Amyloid beta precursor protein / APP

APP / Amyloid protein precursor gene

Amyloid plaques

Aggregation of Amyloid beta protein fibrils in the brain are described as plaques

PSEN1 / Presenilin 1 gene

Protein coding gene implicated in early onset AD

PSEN2 / Presenilin 2 gene

Protein coding gene implicated in early onset AD

APOE4 / Apolipoprotein E4 gene

APOE4 /Apolipoprotein

APOE4 is a key protein involved in lipid metabolism. It also helps regulate the aggregation and metabolism of amyloid protein.

Neuroinflammation

Activation of the brain's innate immune system in response to an inflammatory challenge and is characterized by a host of cellular and molecular changes within the brain. Microglia play a key role in creating neuroinflammation.

T-Tau / Total tau

Tau is a neuronal microtubule-associated protein (MAP) that is involved in the regulation of axonal microtubule assembly. It is a phosphorylated protein. Tau ‘tangles’ in neurons is a characteristic of AD.

P-Tau / phosphorylated tau

Tau is a phosphorylated protein, containing 85 potential serine (S), threonine (T), and tyrosine (Y) phosphorylation sites. Phosphorylation is the chemical addition of a phosphoryl group (PO3-) to an organic molecule. The removal of a phosphoryl group is called dephosphorylation. Both phosphorylation and dephosphorylation are carried out by enzymes (e.g., kinases, phosphotransferases).

“Tau is a protein with intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs), and so interacts with many other partners in addition to microtubules. Phosphorylation at selected sites modulates tau’s various intracellular interactions and regulates the properties of IDRs. In Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and other tauopathies, tau exhibits pathologically increased phosphorylation (hyperphosphorylation) at selected sites and aggregates into neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs).” LINK: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnagi.2019.00256/full

Hyperphosphorylated Tau

Tau Kinases

Tau buildup is caused by increased activity of enzymes that act on tau called tau kinases, which cause the tau protein to misfold and clump, forming neurofibrillary tangles

Neurofibrillary tangles /NFTs

Blood brain barrier

Brain limbic

Brain cortex

Brain reptilian

Neuron

Neuronal dendrite

Neuronal synapse

Aluminum

Silicon