PD 01

Actinomyces Israelii

Found in the vagina, colon, and mouth. Infection is established first by a breach of the mucosal barrier during various procedures (e.g. dental, and surgical) or pathologies such as diverticulitis; causes actinomycosis (formation of painful abscesses in the mouth, lungs, or gastrointestinal tract).

PD 02

Actinomyces Odontolyticus

Part of the oral flora; also found in dental plaque and in deep dental caries. Causes actinomycosis.

PD 03

Actinomyces Viscosus

Part of the human oral flora, occurring around the teeth, gums and throat in healthy humans. Causes dental caries particularly of the roots of teeth. Can cause abscesses in the mouth, lungs, or the gastro-intestinal tract.

PD 04

Actinomycosis,  with Actinomyces Viscosus

An infection with the formation of abscesses in the mouth, lungs, or the gastrointestinal tract. Oral actinomycosis may occur due to trauma such as a tooth extraction or bleeding gums.

PD 05

Aggregatibacter Actinomycetemcomitans / Actinobacillus Actinomycetemcomitans

Part of the human oral flora; also found in severe infections in the oral cavity, mainly the periodontium.

PD 06

Borrelia Vincent

Causes severe ulcerating gingivitis (trench mouth). Typically found in those with poor oral hygiene but can also occur as a result of stress, cigarette smoking and poor nutrition; also can be found in those with serious illnesses.

PD 07

Campylobacter Rectus

Implicated as a pathogen in chronic periodontitis, which can cause bone loss.

PD 08

Capnocytophaga Ochracea

Found in the oral cavity of humans and contributes to early plaque formation on teeth by being a physical intermediate link between several Streptococcus species and Fusobacterium nucleatum.

PD 09

Capnocytophaga Sputigena

Normal inhabitants of the human oral cavity; implicated in periodontal disease.

PD 10

Dental Floss: Bacteria, Plaque, Cheek Cells

PD 11

Dental Floss: Bacteria, Plaque, Food

PD 12

Dental Plaque With Bacilli Biofilm

PD 13

Dental Plaque With Bacteria and Yeast

PD 14

Dental Plaque With Cocci Biofilm

PD 15

Dental Plaque With Fungal Hyphae and Bacteria

PD 16

Eikenella Corrodens / Bacteroides Corrodens

A commensal bacteria of the human mouth and upper respiratory tract.

PD 17

Enterococcus Faecalis / Streptococcus Faecalis

Can cause life-threatening infections in humans, especially in the hospital environment. Frequently found in root canal-treated teeth. Can cause endocarditis and bacteremia; also can be responsible for urinary tract infections, meningitis, and other infections. Among the main constituents of some probiotic food supplements.

PD 18

Eubacterium Yurii

Causes periodontal disease.

PD 19

Fusobacterium Nucleatum

Found in the mouth and upper respiratory tract. A key component of dental plaque. Possible role in periodontal disease and colon cancer. Occasional cause of abscesses and blood infections.

PD 20

Gingiva

Gums.

PD 21

Gingivitis, Acute

Inflammation of the gums, with redness, swelling and bleeding of the gums.

PD 22

Interleukin-8

Interleukins are cytokines produced by the body as part of the immune system. This particular one often associated with inflammation (e.g. in gingivitis and psoriasis).

PD 23

Peptostrepococcus Sp.

Commensal organisms in humans, living predominantly in the mouth, skin, gastrointestinal, vagina and urinary tracts, and compose a portion of the bacterial gut flora

PD 24

Periodontal Ligament Fibres

A group of specialised connective tissue fibres that attach a tooth to the alveolar bone within which it sits.

PD 25

Periodontitis caused by Porphromonas Gingivalis

PD 26

Periodontitis caused by Prevotella Intermedia

PD 27

Periodontitis caused by Prevotella Melaninogenica

PD 28

Porphyromonas Gingivalis / Bacteroides Gingivalis

Bacteria that is part of the normal flora of the mouth, intestine and urogenital tract. Found in periodontal lesions and associated with adult gingivitis, periodontal disease and mouth abscesses; could be a risk factor for oesophageal cancer.

PD 29

Prevotella Intermedia / Bacteroides Intermedia / Bacteroides Melaninogenicu

Bacteria involved in periodontal infections, including gingivitis and periodontitis.

PD 30

Serratia Marcescens / Bacterium Prodigosum

Found on the sub-gingival biofilm of teeth. Involved in eye infections. Commonly found in the respiratory and urinary tracts of hospitalised adults and in the gastro-intestinal system of children. May cause pneumonia and urinary tract infections. Often found growing in bathrooms as a pink discoloration and slimy film.

PD 31

Streptococcus Mutans

Commonly found in the human oral cavity and is a significant contributor to tooth decay.

PD 32

Streptococcus Salivarius

The principal commensal bacterium of the oral cavity and a normal inhabitant of the upper respiratory tract. The first bacterium that colonises dental plaque, creating favourable conditions for other bacteria.

PD 33

Streptococcus Sanguinis / Streptococcus Sanguis

A normal inhabitant of the healthy mouth, particularly found in dental plaque, where it modifies the environment to make it less hospitable for other strains of Streptococcus that cause cavities, such as Streptococcus mutans. The most common cause of subacute bacterial endocarditis.

PD 34

Treponema Denticola

Part of the microbial community within the oral cavity ; associated with the incidence and severity of human periodontal disease. Having elevated T. denticola levels in the mouth is considered one of the main causes of periodontitis.

PD 35

Veillonella

Part of the microbial community within the mouth and intestine. Very occasionally implicated in cases of osteomyelitis and endocarditis.